Nursing Practice Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Practice Theory - Research Paper Example There exists a relationship between grand theories, middle range theories, and nursing practice theories in that, all these discuss about nursing as a profession and provide a guide for nursing practice. Grand theories are general concepts and are representative of a wide range of nursing practice. They, therefore, have the broadest scope. They use statements to show relationship otherwise known as assumptions to show the basis of their philosophy. Grand theories form the basis for expansion of other theories, research and development of new standards. The focus of grand theories is on the â€Å"phenomena of concern to the discipline such as person as adaptive systems, self-care deficits, unitary human beings, human becoming, or health as expanding consciousness† (Parker & Smith, 2010). Grand nursing theories are visions to be used in nursing practice. However, the limitation of these theories is that, they cannot be universally tested; hence, they have limited capabilities in guiding, explaining, and foretelling about specific situations in nursing. This is because; these theories were developed by scholars who were thinking way above their time. Middle range theories are derived from concepts of grand theories. These theories are narrow in scope as compared to grand theories, and they offer an effective bridge between grand theories and the description of specific nursing phenomena. These theories are of advantage in the sense that, they are more applicable to nursing practices and situations. This theory allows testing of theory through research, devising strategies for nursing practice, and developing tools for nursing practice. As a result of this, middle range theories are more efficient and proficient as compared to the other theories. As a result of covering a wider scope, middle range theories are applicable in many health care institutions and other health quarters. Nursing

Implemenattion of Human Resource Management Practices in Eagle Hill Sc Essay

Implemenattion of Human Resource Management Practices in Eagle Hill School - Essay Example The strategic human resource management practices that can be used in Eagle hill school are staff recruitment, employee training and development and employee compensation. Staff recruitment is the act of getting new people to work for an organization, company or an institution either on a contract basis or on a permanent basis. It incorporates the search for employees, interviewing of the employees and allocating them jobs. It is important for Eagle hill school to recruit new staff to boost their service delivery to the public. In addition, recruitment helps to replace retired employees, dead employees, sacked employees or those employees that have gotten new jobs in different places (Whitmore 2002). In order to employ new staff, the human resource management in Eagle hill school should ensure that the proper steps and stages are followed. These steps include; job advertisement, reception and analysis of applications, shortlisting of candidates and attending of interviews. Job advertisement is a vital step in the recruitment process by any institution. This is because advertisements are meant to inform the public of the availability of a certain job offer. In order to reach the correct target people, the Eagle hill school should decide on the medium of advertisements. This can be in form of print media, radio, notices, cards etc (Gamble 2010). In the adverts, the institution must specify the type of people required and the qualifications. For instance, Eagle school can advertise for employees with knowledge in training in the disability sector. Apart from the academic qualifications, Eagle hill school should include special qualities and traits that the applicants must possess (Jones 2007). The adverts should also include the dates for submission of the request. After the deadline for submission, the received  documents are to be analyzed.  

Earthquake Impacts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Earthquake Impacts - Essay Example Although more times than not earthquakes are tectonic, they can also occur in volcanic regions. Although many people seem to think that the only earthquakes that take place are those which can be felt, that belief is completely false. Instead, large numbers of earthquakes take place daily across the world, but the majority of these can only be felt by seismometers and cannot be felt by the person and cause no structural damage of any sort. The strength and damage caused by an earthquake can vary dramatically, depending on the strength of the earthquake. Smaller earthquakes may go completely unnoticed, while larger earthquakes can cause serious destruction and massive loss of life. In fact, most of the larger earthquakes are then followed by smaller ones - these are otherwise known as foreshocks or aftershocks; foreshocks being smaller earthquakes which precede the larger earthquake, and aftershocks being those which procede it. The first method of recording earthquakes was through of certain scales called intensity scales. The United States, Japan, and Europe each have their own form of scales. However the problem with all of these scales is that they are often a poor measure for the relative size of different events in different places. Seismologists now favor a measure called the seismic movement, which relates to the concept of moment in physics, to measure the size of a seismic source. The 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake - which is commonly referred to as the Kobe earthquake due to the fact that it took place near Kobe, one of Japan's largest and most populated cities - was one of the most devastating earthquakes to ever hit Japan. Although over ten years have passed now since this earthquake hit, it is still considered to be one of the most disastrous ever to hit Japan since the Great Kanto earthquake of 1923, and will not soon be forgotten. In due to this earthquake, more than 5,500 people were killed, with more than 26,000 left injured. The total economic loss was estimated as being approximately $200 billion USD. During this earthquake, it was recorded that the ground moved 7 inches in horizontal shaking, and 4 inches in the vertical direction, and the earthquake itself is actually still active, with 716 aftershocks recorded by 10 AM as of January 18, 1996, 74 of these could be felt by the human body, and 14 of these occurred on the 18th. The epicenter of the earthquake was 20km underneath the island of Awaji, across a strait from Kobe. With a magnitude of 6.9 (Mw) and a duration of roughly 20 seconds, in regards to the structural damage caused by the earthquake, there were: 144,032 buildings destroyed by ground shaking, 7,456 buildings destroyed by fire, 82,091 collapsed buildings, and 86,043 severely damaged buildings. All Kobe ports were shut down to international shipping, there was substantial damage to containing loader piers, and all access to Kobe via highway and railway were blocked. The Kobe earthquake struck early in the morning without any warning, taking the city completely by surprise. It was due to the city of Kobe's high population density and linear layout, that there was such substantial damage and trauma caused; infrastructure networks were made much less redundant because of this, and this was a key factor in the significant structural

The Effects of Education on Youth Smoking Essay

The Effects of Education on Youth Smoking - Essay Example Moreover, legislation has been passed around the globe which seeks to reduce the impact that certain marketing strategies can have on adolescent for instances. Legislation has recently it has United States which is that cartoon characters or other visually suggestive marketing strategies, such as Joe Camel, it should not be used due to the fact that the underage individuals to engage with cigarette merely because the marketing is specifically targeted to their demographic. Even though these changes have taken place, the sad reality is that young people continue to start smoking cigarettes each and every day. This is all particular importance not only due to the fact that children are just as susceptible to the health impacts that cigarettes entail as adults, it is also of high importance due to the fact that once a young person begin smoking, they are oftentimes likely to continue this habit well into adulthood; oftentimes until they develop a severe medical condition which can take their life. As a means of understanding this reality, the following analysis will focus upon the reasons for why young people begin smoking as a means of seeking to diminish these causal forces that exist within society and promoting a more healthful nation. A great deal of research has indicated that one of the causal reasons for adolescents to begin smoking has to do with whether or not their parents smoke. As such, a statistically higher level of likelihood exists for those adolescents whose parents, or parent as the case may be, smoke as compared to those you do not have such an influence within the home. Naturally, a further reason for why this is a factor has to do with the fact that individual adolescents whose parents/parent smoke are presented with the widespread availability of cigarettes all through their youth (Sohn, 2014).

Democratic Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Democratic Systems - Essay Example Dependants admitted in Britain (in thousands) 1 July 1962 - 31 December 1972 Source: Adapted from the Home Office, Commonwealth Immigrants Acts of 1962 and 1968: Control of Immigration, Statistics 1972, Cmnd. 5285, London, HMSO, 1973; and previous volumes published annually in the same series. In 1968 it has been passed the Bill against discrimination, however it has been accompanied by the new legislation, which has made control over the entrance to the country tougher and sharply reduced the quantity of new immigrants. The same year during parliamentary discussion on racial relation Enoch Powell (that time the speaker of conservatives) has made the speech in Birmingham, in which he has expressed his anxiety on occasion of sharp increase of non-white population of Britain. Moreover the Gallup Poll has shown, that 75 % of British more or are less solidary with Powell's estimation.With the purpose of struggle against racial discrimination in 1976 British third Race Relations Ac has been passed. The Act forbade discrimination at employment, rent or purchase of accommodations, acceptance in clubs and organization. For supervision over the execution of the Act it has been founded the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE), which has been allocated with the broad powers. The dec isions of Commission had the status of the law. However 1970s have been also marked by occurrence of frankly racist party of British National Front. In reply to this there have appeared the organizations resisting the National Front. For example, in 1977 for counteraction to propagation of National Front the Anti-Nazi League (ANL) has been founded.By 1990s the inhabitants of the Great Britain having West-Indies and South-Asian... In May of 2001 in Oldham two nights on end police and special troops unsuccessfully tried to stop the fight between white Englishmen and the Indian and Pakistan immigrants. The conflict had its own background. The Pakistan youth has declared the creation of special areas in Oldham where no white person should step. It has been presented as a necessary measure because the police do not protect Pakistan immigrants from excesses of white racists. The young people have started to gather in some similarity of knots of self-defence. In April 2001 an Englishman by name Walter Chamberlain ‘was hospitalised with a broken nose and cheekbones after three Asians attacked him saying, ‘This is our area, get out’ (Milmo, 2001). The point is that this old man crossed a "no go" zone for whites. A veteran of the World War II, 76-years Walter Chamberlain, has been brutally beaten by a group of teenagers-immigrants. Certainly, there were also the others white people, who crossed â€Å"no go† zones; however this old man has appeared to be the easiest prey. Far right powers have immediately answered. They have attacked the Pakistan shop and have thrown a stone in a window of the house, where lived pregnant woman of the Asian origin. From that moment the violence flamed up. For a start about hundred young Asians have crushed a pub, throwing it with bottles with Molotov cocktail. Then more than 500 young men arranged two-day riot.

Android App Essay Example for Free

Android App Essay During the earliest years, children interact primarily with people. Their interactions with toys are usually in the context of human interactions as well. They need to freely explore, manipulate, and test everything in the environment. Increasingly in today’s world, this includes the exploration of technology tools and interactive media. Children of this age are drawn to push-button switches and controls. The early years are a time of rapid learning as parents prepare their children for the upcoming challenges of school. Basic concepts and skills, eye coordination, can all be taught at this age. Recognizing sounds, letter and numbers are early pre- literacy skills crucial to the foundation of future learning. Children who can identify letters, number and sounds when entering kindergarten will be well-prepared to learn to sound out words and read. The use of technology can facilitate young children’s recognition of animal sounds, letters and numbers with so much fun. A. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM On the course of the study, the researcher found out the following problems: Many Smartphone Apps might become harmful to toddlers. Smartphone Apps that is hard to use and complicated for the toddlers. Wrong selection of Apps that has non-beneficial to the growth of toddlers. Apps that have no interaction to the user. B. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To build an educational android application that can teach and expand your child’s growing brain. To build an educational android application that is easy to use, specially designed for toddlers. Help kids to increase their brain power along with improving their memory. To build educational android application that can be usable for the future learning of the user. To build interactive educational android application. C. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Technology today is really necessary especially when it comes to education. To the kids/toddlers – Fast development for their recognition skills in alphabets, numbers and sounds of animals. The study can be a great help in accelerating childrens reading ability. Toddlers will be well prepared to learn the basics the time they enter pre-school. To the parents – Save more time to do their home job. Smartphone can actually babysit their children while they are busy (cooking or cleaning the house etc). To the future developer – Encourage them to develop more usable and credible application.D. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS The proposed educational android application on the basic tasks of system has the following features as well as limitations: The FirstStep educational android applications teach toddlers the basic learning and recognition of the numbers, alphabet and sound of animals in a fun and simple way. The FirstStep educational android application doesn’t have time limits or scores, so its stress-free fun for toddlers. All of the pictures have sounds. The FirstStep educational android application works only in any Android phones. The android application can also run to tablets, but the screen size is small, because the screen size of the FirstStep android application is originally set for cell phones only. The FirstStep educational android application has no problem solving, computation or logic game. The Appinventor MIT where the FirstStep educational App was build has a limit size of 5mb only for the program that is why it is separated into four apk. The FirstStep educational android application stop sometimes due to compatibility issues, but still it’ll continue. E. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Input: Process: Output: DEFINITION OF TERMS Paint – Have fun with an additional functionality of the proposed program. There are three categories: animals, toys and trees. It allows the user to have fun with the pictures. Alphabet From A to Z. Sounds play every time the user touches the letters and images. Animals – Different animals that have sounds every time the user touch the image. Numbers – Counting numbers 1 to 10. App Inventor An open source, Web-based system developed by Google that allowed people to create Android apps without having to know how to code. Instead of writing code, the Android mobile app can be visually designed with App Inventor. Emulator – Use to test the project in Appinventor MIT. Java is a computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers write once, run anywhere (WORA), meaning that code that runs on one platform and does not need to be recompiled to run on another. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Foreign Study Figure 1: Fun Painting Screen Shot http://www.  appszoom. com/android_games/casual/fun-painting-app-for kids_lnli. html Fun painting was developed to teach kids about colors and drawing. With a choice of three colors, red, blue, green, you can draw anything you want on a cute cat. You can press the clear button to clear your drawing and start over. There is no save button to save your work to send or share it on facebook. You can cl ick next button to go in the next picture then paint it. Figure 2: Screen shots from Kids Zoo Animal Sounds alba. tasar? m interactive Kids Zoo is a fun package to learn the animal world for little toddlers. It is a fun android application for kids and toddlers to recognize animals and their different sounds. It is designed for kids; all of the pictures are cute and have sound. for surely the kids will like it. The application is easy to use. It is very simple there is no scoring or logic so it’s stress free fun for kids. All they have to do is touch the buttons and pictures to hear the sounds of animals. Figure 3: Screen shot from ABC for Kids All Alphabets, Pratik Machchar ABC for shows the alphabets A to Z with their sounds. It is a fun application specially designed for kids and toddlers to recognize the alphabet sounds. The application is easy to use. You just have to push the sound button to play the sound of alphabet, and then the next or previous button to move to another letter. The processes of each page are all the same. B. Local Studies Figure 4: Screen shots from ABaKaDa Alphabet https://play. google. com/store/apps/details? id=appinventor. ai_suphap2. Abakada_Alphabet_Launchhl=tl ABaKaDa Alphabet flash card is a fun way of learning the alphabet of the Tagalog language. The deck contains 20 letters aimed to aid kids or even adults in identification and pronunciation. A bonus feature of doodling the pictures will surely give the kids something to recall. Abakada Alphabet is best not only for Filipino kids living in the Philippines or abroad but also those who want to start learning the Tagalog language while having fun. Figure 5: Screen shots from CountRok, created by Jeprok Apps. CountRok, created by Jeprok Apps, is designed as an educational application for the Global Filipino Family to learn the basics of Counting in Tagalog (Filipino). Its a cool and smart application that teaches counting from 1 through 10 in Tagalog and English. Screens have simple buttons for arrows to move back and forth and a play button for audio. Graphics are colorful and animations help to keep a childs attention. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY The proponent decided to use agile software development because it promotes adaptive planning, evolutionary development and delivery, a time-boxed iterative approach, and encourages rapid and flexible response to change. It also emphasizes face-to-face communication between the developer and the stakeholder who provide the desired software requirements. And at the end of the iteration, a working product is demonstrated to the stakeholder to minimize overall risk and allows the project to adapt to changes quickly. Thus the final software output is developed with minimal bugs which are exactly what the stakeholder wanted. Figure 6: Agile Methodology Development Cycle Figure 6 shows the software development cycle of agile methodology. Therefore, attributes of the said method are well suited to the development of the proponent’s educational android application. A. Requirement analysis stage In this stage, the proponent came up with the idea of creating an educational Android application. It is an educational application that will help kids and toddlers for developing their recognition skills of the English alphabet, numbers, animals and sounds. B. Development Stage In this stage, the development of the software took place. The proponent added functionality to the design. Every finished output was built and tested to detect possible program errors. Iterations or changes were done from time to time to correct imperfections. Improvement of design, graphics and expansion of software’s features was observed. It was checked by the software project professor, technical adviser and stakeholder (pre-school teacher) who added functionality and concept to the overall software design or removed some. Every suggested improvement was noted to be implemented on the next iteration of the software development. Figure 7: Agile methodology decision making cycle Figure 7 shows that in every phase of the software development stage, the stakeholder gives his feedback. It is considered by the proponent to ensure that the final software will contain the attributes of the good software. C. The software was prepared for final checking after the approval of the software project professor and technical adviser. It was based on the test done on the development stage where software was ensured to be free from bugs and errors. Demo was done for final software assessment. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION A. SUMMARY This project entitled â€Å"First Step† is an educational android application for toddlers. The study sought to create an educational game for kids to develop their recognition of sounds of animals, numbers and the alphabet. The project also aimed to maximize the use of technology in a good and practical way and to obtain more knowledge. The project also aimed to create interactive software for the kids. In addition to the software project, the researcher gathered valid information through internet research and interviews from an expert in programming and a pre-school teacher who has an expertise in working with children. The features of the proposed android application are painting, counting numbers, and recognizing alphabets and animal sounds. B. CONCLUSIONS The finalization of software has led to the following conclusions pertaining to the software’s attributes: The android application is maintainable since it is created using the agile methodology which acknowledges the feedback of the stakeholder. It evolved thoroughly as the stakeholder changed the product requirements. The android application is dependable It doesn’t cause harm or damages to any users since it is an educational tool only. It doesn’t contain confidential data accessible by the users given that the software has built-in images only which are used in topic simulations. The android application is efficient because it is responsive and doesn’t waste any system resources. The android application is usable and user-friendly. It is designed for kids and toddlers. C. RECOMMENDATIONS The researcher recommends parents to use First Step android application to speed up the learning process for toddlers. They can use their gadgets for teaching instead using and buying manual flash cards for the kids to learn about alphabets, numbers and animals. It’s practical to use gadgets since all have them. The proponent also recommends to the parents of young Smartphone users to: Explain to your children that screen-learning must be balanced with other activities, and limit their Smartphone or table time. Set daily limits early, and stick to them. Use your mobile device as a babysitter as seldom as possible. Choose credible apps that offer a legitimate educational component. Games are fine, but try to find apps that teach and expand your child’s growing brain. Talk to your kids about what they’re learning from their Smartphone apps. Ask them questions, and check out the apps yourself and get involved in their activities. Don’t let your young kids isolate themselves for too long with a Smartphone or tablet. Consider using parental controls (like NQ Family Guardian ) to ensure your child is protected from the bad stuff and can only access the good stuff at appropriate times. You can also monitor your child’s location and allow your child to alert you when he needs you. For the future developers the proponent recommends to create credible application that can be beneficial for the next generation. Use your talents in building good application that are harm-free for the users.

Arts Important To The Education Education Essay

Arts Important To The Education Education Essay The role of the visual arts in early childhood education has long been recognised and valued as an essential component of the curriculum. Eckhoff, Angela, 2011 The arts consist of variation of appreciation. The different forms of art such as dancing, drawing and painting, performance art, sculpturing and many more. The school curriculum has to embrace arts education. Art appreciation can be inculcate to children at young age. Knowing and understanding of the arts help children to express themselves in different creative art forms in which they are comfortable in. Art nurtures the child to be inventiveness as it engages the child in a process that helps in the development of self-esteem, self-discipline, cooperation, self-motivation and problem-solving. Childrens self-esteem will improve as there is no right or wrong in self-creative creation. In this way, children are able to complete task with self-discipline. They practise how to complete a piece of work with patience. As the task assigned in an art lesson is usually engaging, whether it is to complete a drawing or learn a dance, the children would unknowingly establish a positive attitude towards completion of the task. The young learners also get the opportunity to practise social skills through co-operative learning. For instance, the children could partner one another and dance to the music. They could even perform a simple skit together during a speech and drama lesson. As the child discovers the love in arts, they would also become self-motivated and freely express themselves in the d ifferent forms of arts. In co-operative learning, it is inevitable that each child will have different opinions and thoughts. In order to complete the task allocated, they would have to learn how to respect one anothers view. This is part of the process of problem-solving while accomplishing a group assignment together. Each child will have to communicate in a variety ways to express their thoughts and produce the art piece they want it to be or the way they want to express themselves in a play. The young learners will pick up useful life skills to solve problems independently. The belief that art education should encourage the childs creativity, imagination, and expression did not mean that all previous pedagogies were replaced. (Jolley, 2010) Imagination helps children with expression in dancing and also helped in language acquisition to find the correct vocabulary to describe their expression. A childs creativity should not be obstructed or corrected by the adults or educators. 2 forms of art In terms of aesthetic and creative education, dance has much to share with drama, music and the visual arts. (Davies, 2003) A dance is an activity that needs time to practise and gain experience. A dance performance involves choreographing of movements with a music or composing of a musical piece for a dance. Performing can be taken to mean to do, to show, to dance, creating as making, trying out, or composing, while appreciation is the outcome of watching, viewing, talking about and drawing about dance. (Davis, 2003) The activity could be an expressive dance in a drama played by the students. This class activity could elicit responses from children by initiating a discussion how the characters should dance, the kind of facial expressions, choosing the right piece of music to express the mood of the scene and the movements to go along with the music. Children would have trials and errors along the way in the making and appreciating in every part of the dance drama they have created. In terms of dancing consist of being a creator or maker, a viewer or spectator or as a doer or performer. (Davies, 2003) Hence, it is a great platform for children to practise problem-solving skills. The children would be fascinated when they are given a role to play. They would take pride in their roles and responsibilities so it would cultivate self-motivation. Self-esteem could be developed in the process of demonstrating the required skills. There are many opportunities for praises and constructive feedback to individuals to support them in self-discovery. Certain movement ideas frequently used by in informal situations seem to belong together and can be utilised in dance. (Davis 2003) Educators on their part, they can facilitate the students by guiding exploring different ideas of movement such as running and leaping, turning and twisting, moving and stopping suddenly. Children will be able to choose the right movement they would want to include into their dance. Educators may also guide children choosing the instrument they would like to use for the movement using different sounds. For example, the sound of the fast ringing bells can be the movement of running. Dancing is tapping on kinaesthetic intelligence where the child could learn through body movements. Through practice and hard work, the children could perform certain body movements confidently. They would improve in self-esteem as they successfully perform the desired body movements. Another form of art is drawing. Drawing from observation still represents a key component of statutory art education for children aged 5 to 14 years of age. (Jolley 2010 ) Drawing involves imagination and creativity and expression. Drawing helps children to express their thoughts with different kinds of lines and shapes. It encourages the young minds to be independent problem solvers as they have to decide on the kind of drawings they want to produce. Observation also plays an important part in drawing. For example, children may observe a stalk of flower or the movements of the grass when the wind blows and draw the expression of what they have observed using different lines. For example, curvy lines, straight lines and zig-zag lines. Once children are allowed to make representational drawings, rather than mere line and shape, they are often directed towards forms of subject matter such as cubes, cones, prisms, and so on, whether copies from pictures of three-dimensional models. (Jolley,2010) Children may also move to a higher level to explore drawing representational drawings with their imagination. Drawings are one of the best ways to document the imaginations of the learners. It allows the opportunity for educators to encourage the children through guidance and improve self-motivation and self-esteem. Educators may guide children by introducing the drawing of different lines such as horizontal line, vertical line, wavy line and spiral line. Students will then apply what they have learnt in their drawings. Students will also need to be given opportunities to observe the environment around them , space for creativity and imagination. Children are then taught to draw more controlled lines. (Jolley, 2010) In this case, children are expect to have the discipline to practise the skills of drawing straight lines. 5. arts education in the curriculum planning. According to the Ministry Of Education, Singapore, Kindergarten Curriculum Guide (KCG), aesthetics and creative expression is being part of integrated learning in the holistic development of the child. In the school planning, it has to include the childrens experiences in visual arts, music and movement allow children to be expressive, creative and imaginative. (Kindergarten Curriculum Guide, 2008) Therefore, it is essential to plan the schools curriculum according to the framework and arts will not be left out. In the schools curriculum, children are also taught to learn appreciation of visual arts and musical instruments. Children will be given chance to discuss about their own art works such as describing the lines , colours and shapes used. (Kindergarten Curriculum Guide) Children will also be given opportunity to appreciate, learn and explore the different sounds made by the instruments. It is the ministry effort to promote holistic education and the emphasis of the importance of arts education in pre-school curriculum. Teachers are the drivers for success implementation of a well-developed school-based curriculum. It is only beneficial if schools encourage teachers to attain subject mastery through professional development. Conclusion In a nutshell, we must value the importance of arts education as it develops the young learners in a fun and engaging manner. It helps to look into the childs development in the different areas such as self-esteem, self-discipline, cooperation, self-motivation and problem-solving.